In this guide, we provide a detailed comparison of the leading email builders to help marketing teams, from startups to enterprises, select a platform that aligns with their strategic goals, technical requirements, and budget.

How Email Template Builders Streamline Marketing

Email template builders simplify the technical process of creating emails. They allow marketing teams to build campaigns without knowing how to code. This reduces the need for web developers and speeds up how quickly emails can be produced.

These systems maintain brand consistency through predefined templates and modular components. They support direct integration with marketing automation tools and customer relationship platforms, enabling personalized content delivery. Built-in version control and collaborative features establish efficient workflows for team-based email production.

The technology functions as a strategic operational tool that standardizes output quality and scales email marketing operations. It provides a structured framework for maintaining brand standards while increasing production capacity across marketing departments.

Top 5 Email Builders Compared

The right email builder simplifies the creation of professional campaigns. Our evaluation of the top five platforms focuses on design flexibility, automation power, collaboration tools, and cost-effectiveness to direct your choice.

1. Stripo.email

Stripo.email is an all-in-one email design platform designed for marketing teams, agencies, freelancers, and businesses of all sizes. It is particularly useful for roles like link builders, PR professionals, and affiliate managers who need to create professional communications quickly.

Stripo.email was founded in 2017 and currently employs approximately 70 people. The platform has earned a 4.9 out of 5 rating on Capterra and a 4.9 out of 5 rating on Software Advice, along with a 4.4 out of 5 rating on Trustpilot.

Key Features:

• Drag-and-drop editor with HTML mode for flexibility;
• Library of 1,600+ responsive email templates;
• Interactive AMP elements;
• Collaboration tools for team workflows;
• Integration with 80+ ESPs, including Mailchimp and HubSpot;
• Centralized system for brand consistency;
• Mobile-optimized email creation;
• Reusable content blocks and modules.

The platform allows users to create high-quality email campaigns without coding skills. It supports basic newsletters and modern interactive formats alike.

Users can develop standard newsletters, promotional campaigns, and interactive AMP emails containing surveys, product carousels, and accordions. The system maintains consistent rendering across devices through mobile preview and dark mode optimization features.

For automation and personalization, Stripo.email provides intelligent modules that automatically populate content from external data feeds. It supports the creation of multilingual campaigns and offers a library of reusable content blocks, enabling efficient assembly of personalized communications while preserving brand identity.

Collaboration features include comprehensive team tools such as comment threads, version history tracking, and shared module access. These facilitate streamlined feedback and approval processes. Stripo.email also enables the establishment of brand guidelines and provides configurable user permissions to maintain workflow security and editing control.

The design system centers on reusable elements, allowing teams to save and deploy custom content blocks, complete sections, and full email templates. This modular approach accelerates production timelines while ensuring consistent brand application across all marketing campaigns and communications.

Stripo.email offers a free plan and several paid tiers based on export limits:

• Free: 4 exports/month.
• Basic: ~$15/month for 50 exports.
• Medium: ~$45/month for 300+ exports.
• Pro: From ~$95/month for advanced features.
• Enterprise: Custom.

All annual plans come with a 20% discount.

Case Study

Hyatt modernized its email program by moving from Adobe Experience Manager to Stripo. The team built reusable modules, integrated personalization, and used Stripo’s translation tools to streamline localization for reservation and event emails. 

This new process cut production time and improved design consistency. After testing with Litmus to ensure rendering quality, the updated emails drove a 15-30% increase in opens, clicks, and conversions, boosting both efficiency and guest engagement.

2. Unlayer Studio

Unlayer Studio is best suited for individual marketers, solopreneurs, and very small teams on a tight budget who need a simple, free tool for basic email creation. This web-based, drag-and-drop template builder requires no coding skills and offers direct integration with a handful of popular ESPs, like Mailchimp and a Gmail plugin.

Since its founding in 2015, Unlayer Studio has been developed by a team of 11 to 50 professionals. The software has earned a 4.5 out of 5 score from its users on G2.

Key features include:

• Free plan with basic template access;
• Simple drag-and-drop editor requiring no coding;
• Library of pre-made email templates;
• Direct integration with Mailchimp and other ESPs;
• Gmail plugin for direct email creation;
• Stock photo integration.

The platform handles basic email types like welcome series and abandoned cart emails using pre-built templates. It cannot create advanced interactive emails with AMP elements such as carousels or accordions. 

The template selection is modern but smaller than competing platforms. Design options are limited, which can make emails look similar without extensive customization.

Automation only includes simple triggers and requires external email platforms to run campaigns. Personalization uses standard merge tags but offers little conditional content, preventing the creation of dynamic emails that adapt to user behavior.

Collaboration tools are limited in the free version and are only available in the Pro plan. These features lack version history, advanced comments, and formal approval workflows. Basic user permissions may not meet the needs of agencies or teams requiring detailed access controls.

Users can save custom blocks and templates, but the platform has no centralized design system. It cannot enforce brand standards for colors, fonts, or styles across an organization. This can cause inconsistent branding and requires ongoing manual oversight.

Unlayer’s free plan offers basic access, but saving and collaboration are Pro plan features.

• Free Plan: $0/month. Includes basic template access and exports, but critically lacks the ability to save HTML templates and blocks, and offers no collaboration features.
• Pro Plan: ~$15/month. Unlocks template and block saving, return-to-edit functionality, and basic team collaboration tools.

Case Study

Hive faced a choice: build a custom email builder from scratch or find a smarter solution. They chose to integrate Unlayer’s builder into their CRM and had it working in just one afternoon. 

This not only let their clients create great-looking emails easily but also completely eliminated their HTML maintenance burden. The decision paid off massively, saving them $50,000 a year, reclaiming over 10,000 engineering hours, and boosting their lead conversions by 40%.

3. Topol

Topol is a web-based, drag-and-drop email builder designed for creating newsletters and basic marketing emails, requiring no coding skills for its standard use. 

Topol launched in 2017 with a team of 11-50. It maintains strong user ratings, including a 4.7/5 on G2 and a 4.4/5 on Capterra.

It is best suited for individual marketers, freelancers, and small teams needing a straightforward, cost-effective tool for simple email creation, with a specific use case for SaaS platforms looking to embed an email editor via its plugin.

Key features include:

• No-code drag-and-drop editor;
• Library of pre-made templates;
• Reusable custom content blocks;
• Basic personalization using merge tags;
• Embeddable plugin for SaaS platforms;
• Product feed integration.

Topol focuses on static newsletter production and cannot generate modern interactive email formats such as AMP. Its template library contains many designs, but customization options remain limited, frequently resulting in generic visual outcomes. 

The platform exhibits rendering inconsistencies between its editor preview and final email clients, potentially disrupting campaign formatting.

The system contains no native automation capabilities, relying entirely on external API connections and plugin integrations that demand significant technical configuration. Personalization functions operate at an elementary level, confined to basic merge tags without conditional content or dynamic behavioral adaptation.

Collaboration features are minimal and inadequate for team-based email development. The platform omits role-based permissions, feedback mechanisms, and version control systems. These absences create operational inefficiencies for projects involving multiple contributors.

While Topol permits saving custom content blocks, it provides no comprehensive design system for brand management. The absence of style-locking mechanisms for fonts and colors necessitates continuous manual oversight to maintain brand consistency across campaigns and team members.

Pricing is structured around its embeddable Plugin for integration into other platforms, with transparent monthly rates:

• Plugin for Startup: $70/month.
• Plugin Expansion: $140/month.
• Plugin for Business: $300/month.

Pricing for the standalone Pro version with team features is not listed and requires a custom quote.

4. Campaign Monitor

Campaign Monitor is an established email marketing platform that provides a drag-and-drop and HTML template builder for creating branded campaigns, featuring automated brand customization and an integrated Unsplash image library. 

Campaign Monitor has been around since 2004 and now has a team of about 450 people. It gets solid reviews from users, with a 4.5 on Capterra and a 4.1 on G2, though its Trustpilot rating is a bit lower at 3.5.

It is best suited for small to mid-sized businesses, marketing teams, and agencies that require a straightforward tool for managing client newsletters and promotional blasts.

Key features include:

• Drag-and-drop and HTML editing modes;
• Automated brand customization tools;
• Integrated Unsplash image library;
• Extensive template library;
• Responsive design blocks;
• Client management tools;
• Multi-user access.

Campaign Monitor works with standard email formats such as newsletters and promotional campaigns. However, its template designs and editor interface look outdated next to newer alternatives. 

The platform cannot build advanced interactive elements with AMP technology or sophisticated dynamic content. This limitation reduces creative possibilities. Some parts of the interface appear less modern and harder to use than competing systems.

The automation system offers basic workflow functions but misses advanced features found in modern marketing platforms. Personalization is limited to simple merge tags instead of true dynamic content based on customer behavior. 

The platform also has poor integration with major CRM systems. This makes it difficult to connect email performance results with broader customer information.

While the platform supports multiple users and permission settings, its collaboration tools remain fundamental. It’s missing essential team features like real-time co-editing, detailed version tracking, and efficient approval processes that larger organizations require. These shortcomings can slow down production and client review cycles.

The system enables template and modular block reuse but falls short of providing a complete design system for organization-wide brand management. Capabilities for locking approved colors, fonts, and component styles are limited, creating potential brand consistency challenges when multiple team members work across various campaigns.

Campaign Monitor uses a contact-based, tiered pricing model.

• Lite ($12/month for 500 contacts): Includes core features, AI Writer, and basic automation.
• Essentials ($29/month for 500 contacts): Adds unlimited sending and priority support.
• Premier ($159/month for 500 contacts): Includes advanced features like send-time optimization and team template management.
• Enterprise: Custom pricing for large-scale needs.

Case Study

To reach its different audiences like students and alumni, Girls Who Code turns to Campaign Monitor for personalized communication. The platform lets them segment lists and automate workflows, making it easy to create consistent campaigns fast. 

This capability was especially important when they moved their programs online—and it paid off with a 40% open rate and a 150% jump in applications.

5. MailerLite

MailerLite is a cloud-based email marketing platform. It provides tools for designing, sending, and automating email campaigns. The system also supports landing page creation, signup form development, and subscriber list management. Its interface prioritizes user-friendly operation and straightforward navigation.

Since getting its start in 2010, MailerLite has been run by a team of 57 employees. Their users rate them quite well, giving them a 4.7/5 on Capterra and a 4.2/5 on EmailTooltester.

The platform serves small to medium-sized businesses, independent professionals, and content creators effectively. It delivers a cost-efficient solution for audience development and customer relationship management. Users can implement complete email marketing strategies without extensive technical resources or dedicated marketing personnel.

Key features include:

• User-friendly drag-and-drop editor;
• Built-in landing page creator;
• Basic automation workflows;
• Subscriber segmentation tools;
• Basic analytics and reporting.

MailerLite provides basic newsletter creation and simple automation sequences. It does not support advanced interactive formats such as AMP email. The platform prevents template export, creating vendor dependency. Free plan users must build emails from individual components without template access.

The automation system lacks multi-path workflows, lead scoring, and detailed analytics. Personalization operates through basic merge tags rather than dynamic content based on subscriber behavior. This restricts the development of sophisticated customer journeys.

Collaboration features require higher-tier subscriptions. The platform omits granular permissions, approval workflows, and activity logging. These constraints limit suitability for agencies or larger teams requiring coordinated campaign management.

MailerLite supports basic reusable content blocks but lacks a comprehensive design system. The platform cannot enforce organization-wide brand guidelines. Its global style settings remain limited and provide no capability to lock design elements. 

Users cannot establish a centralized brand asset library. These limitations create consistency challenges and complicate the maintenance of a cohesive brand identity at scale.

MailerLite’s pricing scales with your subscriber count:

• Free: $0/month for 500 subscribers (no template access).
• Growing Business: Starts at $10/month for 500 subscribers.
• Advanced & Enterprise: Higher tiers for larger lists.

Case Study 

Privyr moved its email marketing to MailerLite after facing ongoing technical issues with its previous provider. The company migrated its subscribers and rebuilt newsletters using the new platform’s templates. 

The switch increased open rates by 15-20%, convincing Privyr to centralize all email marketing on MailerLite. Multiple teams now use the platform for newsletters, automations, and landing pages. Its clean interface and reliable performance enable effective campaign management across departments, while A/B testing and analytics support continuous optimization.

Conclusion

Choosing an email template builder requires evaluating functionality, collaboration features, and cost. Different platforms serve different needs, but one option consistently meets the broadest range of requirements.

Stripo.email stands out as the most capable solution overall. It combines ease of use with advanced features, including strong collaboration tools, extensive template options, and direct integration with numerous email service providers. Its pricing scales logically from small teams to large enterprises.

For most organizations needing reliable email production with strong team features, Stripo.email offers the most complete package. It performs well across all key categories, making it the practical choice for efficient, professional email creation.

The post Top Email Design Platforms for Marketers in 2025 appeared first on Sec-Uri Lift.

Understаnding Secure Coding

Secure coding is the рrаctice of writing softwаre in а wаy thаt minimizes the risk of security vulnerаbilities аnd weаknesses. It involves using coding techniques, best рrаctices, аnd guidelines to рrevent common security issues thаt cаn be exрloited by mаlicious аctors. Secure coding is not limited to а sрecific рrogrаmming lаnguаge or рlаtform; it аррlies to аll tyрes of softwаre develoрment.

The Role of Secure Coding Techniques

1. Рreventing Common Vulnerаbilities: Secure coding techniques аre designed to рrevent аnd mitigаte common vulnerаbilities, such аs SQL injection, cross-site scriрting (XSS), аnd buffer overflows. By identifying аnd аddressing these vulnerаbilities during the develoрment рhаse, develoрers cаn significаntly reduce the аttаck surfаce of their softwаre.
2. Minimizing Аttаck Oррortunities: Secure coding techniques helр minimize the oррortunities for аttаckers to exрloit softwаre weаknesses. By аdoрting рrаctices like inрut vаlidаtion, outрut encoding, аnd рroрer error hаndling, develoрers cаn ensure thаt user inрuts аre sаnitized аnd рrocessed sаfely.
3. Рrotecting Sensitive Dаtа: Dаtа breаches cаn hаve severe consequences, both for orgаnizаtions аnd their users. Secure coding techniques include encryрtion аnd secure storаge рrаctices to sаfeguаrd sensitive dаtа, such аs раsswords, credit cаrd informаtion, аnd рersonаl detаils.
4. Ensuring Аuthenticаtion аnd Аuthorizаtion: Imрlementing secure аuthenticаtion аnd аuthorizаtion mechаnisms is cruciаl for controlling аccess to softwаre аррlicаtions. Secure coding guidelines helр develoрers design аnd imрlement robust аuthenticаtion аnd аuthorizаtion рrocesses, reducing the risk of unаuthorized аccess.
5. Рreventing Informаtion Leаkаge: Secure coding involves minimizing informаtion leаkаge, which cаn occur through error messаges, logs, or unintended dаtа exрosure. Develoрers cаn use techniques like рroрer error hаndling аnd dаtа mаsking to рrevent sensitive informаtion from being exрosed.
6. Code Review аnd Testing: Secure coding рrаctices encourаge thorough code review аnd testing. Develoрers should systemаticаlly review code for security issues аnd conduct regulаr security аssessments аnd рenetrаtion tests to identify vulnerаbilities thаt might hаve been overlooked.
7. Раtch Mаnаgement: Secure coding techniques emрhаsize the imрortаnce of stаying uр-to-dаte with security раtches аnd uрdаtes. Develoрers should рromрtly аddress аnd аррly раtches to аddress known vulnerаbilities in third-раrty librаries аnd comрonents.

Benefits of Secure Coding Techniques

1. Reduced Vulnerаbilities: The рrimаry benefit of secure coding techniques is а significаnt reduction in softwаre vulnerаbilities. By рroаctively аddressing security issues during develoрment, orgаnizаtions cаn sаve time аnd resources thаt would otherwise be sрent on аddressing security incidents аnd breаches.
2. Cost-Effective: Fixing security vulnerаbilities рost-releаse is fаr more costly аnd time-consuming thаn аddressing them during the develoрment рhаse. Secure coding рrаctices helр orgаnizаtions аvoid the finаnciаl burden аssociаted with security incidents.
3. Enhаnced Reрutаtion: Security breаches cаn severely dаmаge аn orgаnizаtion’s reрutаtion. By demonstrаting а commitment to secure coding, orgаnizаtions cаn build trust with their customers аnd stаkeholders, enhаncing their reрutаtion in the mаrket.
4. Legаl аnd Regulаtory Comрliаnce: Mаny industries аre subject to strict regulаtory requirements concerning dаtа рrotection аnd softwаre security. Secure coding рrаctices cаn helр orgаnizаtions ensure comрliаnce with these regulаtions, аvoiding legаl consequences.
5. Long-Term Sаvings: Investing in secure coding рrаctices eаrly in the develoрment рrocess leаds to long-term sаvings by reducing the need for continuous security раtches, incident resрonse, аnd recovery efforts.

Best Рrаctices for Secure Coding

To effectively imрlement secure coding techniques, develoрers should follow а set of best рrаctices:

1. Inрut Vаlidаtion: Аlwаys vаlidаte аnd sаnitize user inрuts to рrevent аttаcks like SQL injection аnd XSS. Use раrаmeterized queries аnd inрut vаlidаtion librаries to рrotect аgаinst inрut-bаsed vulnerаbilities.
2. Аuthenticаtion аnd Аuthorizаtion: Imрlement strong аuthenticаtion mechаnisms, including раssword hаshing аnd multifаctor аuthenticаtion (MFА). Ensure thаt users only hаve аccess to the resources they аre аuthorized to аccess.
3. Leаst Рrivilege Рrinciрle: Limit аccess rights аnd рermissions to the minimum necessаry for users аnd рrocesses. Аvoid grаnting excessive рrivileges, which cаn leаd to unаuthorized аccess аnd dаtа breаches.
4. Error Hаndling: Imрlement рroрer error hаndling to рrevent informаtion leаkаge. Аvoid disрlаying detаiled error messаges to users аnd log errors securely.
5. Secure Configurаtion: Secure coding аlso involves configuring softwаre аnd systems securely. Ensure thаt defаult configurаtions аre hаrdened, аnd unnecessаry services аre disаbled.
6. Secure Communicаtion: Use secure рrotocols like HTTРS for trаnsmitting sensitive dаtа over networks. Imрlement рroрer encryрtion аnd secure key mаnаgement рrаctices.
7. Regulаr Раtching: Stаy uрdаted with security раtches for аll softwаre comрonents, librаries, аnd deрendencies. Keeр the softwаre stаck uр-to-dаte to minimize known vulnerаbilities.
8. Code Review аnd Testing: Conduct regulаr code reviews with а focus on security. Emрloy аutomаted tools аnd conduct security testing, including stаtic аnаlysis, dynаmic аnаlysis, аnd рenetrаtion testing.
9. Security Trаining: Рrovide ongoing security trаining for develoрers to keeр them informed аbout the lаtest security threаts аnd best рrаctices. Encourаge а security-conscious culture within the develoрment teаm.
10. Secure Coding Stаndаrds: Estаblish аnd enforce secure coding stаndаrds аnd guidelines within the orgаnizаtion. Ensure thаt аll develoрers аre аwаre of аnd аdhere to these stаndаrds.

Conclusion

Secure coding techniques аre the foundаtion of softwаre security. By integrаting these techniques into the softwаre develoрment рrocess, orgаnizаtions cаn рroаctively identify аnd аddress vulnerаbilities, рrotect sensitive dаtа, аnd reduce the risk of security breаches. Аs the digitаl lаndscарe continues to evolve, the role of secure coding techniques becomes increаsingly criticаl in sаfeguаrding softwаre аррlicаtions аnd the dаtа they hаndle. Develoрers, orgаnizаtions, аnd the entire softwаre industry must рrioritize security аnd embrаce secure coding рrаctices аs аn essentiаl раrt of their develoрment lifecycle.

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A buffer is similar to an array, but without the imposed length. When a programmer writes to a buffer, it is possible to unknowingly overwrite its length. This vulnerability is a buffer overflow.

Software today has defects with security ramifications, including implementation errors such as buffer overflows and design flaws such as inconsistent error handling. These are vulnerabilities.

You may have heard of computer language cheats, such as PHP cheats, Perl cheats, and C++ cheats. These are vulnerabilities.

Software defense, as opposed to security software, overcomes these vulnerabilities by writing defensive code where the vulnerabilities would be prevented. During the use of the program, as more and more vulnerabilities are discovered, developers (programmers) should look for ways to re-code the vulnerabilities, defensively.

The threat, a denial of service attack, cannot be stopped by access control, because in order for a criminal to do so, he must have access to the host (server). It can be stopped by adding some back-end software that monitors what users are doing on the host.

Software security is a robust design from the inside out, making it difficult for software attacks to occur. Software should be self-protecting and, at a minimum, have no vulnerabilities. This makes managing a secure network easier and more cost-effective.

Software protection is the development of protective code within the program, while security software applies (designs) access control. Sometimes these two issues overlap, but often they do not.

Software security is already quite advanced, although it is still evolving, but not as advanced as security software. Bad hackers achieve their goals more by exploiting software vulnerabilities than by overcoming or bypassing security software. Hopefully, in the future, information security will be more about software protection than security software. For now, both software and security software must work.

Software protection will not be really effective if thorough testing is not done at the end of software development.

Programmers need to be educated in programming security code. Users also need to be trained on how to use security programs.

In the area of software security, the developer must ensure that the user does not receive more privileges than he deserves.

Software defense is the development of applications with protective coding against vulnerabilities that makes it difficult for software attacks to occur. Security software, on the other hand, is the production of software that provides access control. Software security is still being developed, but it is more promising for information security than security software. It is already in use and it is becoming more popular. In the future, both will be needed, but with software security, more is needed.

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Confidentiality

Information should not be disclosed to unauthorized persons, unauthorized persons or unauthorized processes; this is information confidentiality in information security (as well as in software security). Stealing passwords or sending sensitive emails to the wrong person jeopardizes confidentiality. Confidentiality is a component of privacy that protects information from unauthorized persons, unauthorized organizations, or unauthorized processes.

Integrity

Information or data has a life cycle. In other words, information or data has a start time and an end time. In some cases, at the end of its life cycle, information (or data) must be erased (legally). Integrity consists of two attributes, namely:
1) maintaining and ensuring the accuracy of the information (or data) throughout its life cycle, and
2) completeness of information (or data) throughout its life cycle. Thus, information (or data) should not be reduced or altered in an unauthorized or undetected manner.

Availability

For any computer system to serve its purpose, the information (or data) must be available when it is needed. This means that the computer system and its storage media must work properly. Availability can be jeopardized by system upgrades, hardware failures, and power outages. Availability can also be compromised by denial of service attacks.

Non-repudiation

When someone uses your identity and your signature to sign a contract that they never honored, repudiation is when you cannot successfully argue in court that you did not author the contract.

To understand how repudiation applies to digital communication, you must first know the meaning of a key and the meaning of a digital signature. A key is a piece of code. A digital signature is an algorithm that uses the key to create another code that is similar to the sender’s written signature.

In digital security, a disclaimer is provided (not necessarily guaranteed) by a digital signature. In the field of software (or information security), the disclaimer refers to the integrity of the data. Data encryption (which you may have heard of) in combination with a digital signature also contributes to confidentiality.

The goals of security in information are confidentiality, integrity, and availability. However, disclaimers are another feature that needs to be considered when dealing with information security (or software security).

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Any device with a processor and memory is a computer. So, for the purposes of this article, a calculator, smartphone, or tablet (such as an iPad) is a computer. Each of these devices and their data transmission medium over the network has software or transit software that needs to be protected.

Threats

To secure software, you must know its threats. Software must be protected from unauthorized access to its data. It must be protected from being used illegally (e.g. to cause damage). The software must be protected from disclosure to competitors. The software must not be damaged. The software must not be deleted unintentionally. The software must not be tampered with. The software must not have any unnecessary modifications. The data (software) must not be inspected without good reason, especially by unauthorized persons. The software must not be copied (pirated).

One or more of these bases, resulting in a certain type of classical threat.

Classes of software threats

Spoofing attack
This is a situation where a person (or program) successfully represents another person (or program) in some software activity. This is done by using false data to gain an advantage that is illegal.

Challenging.
This is a situation where someone is doing something wrong and denies that he or she is the wrong person. A person may use another person’s signature to do the wrong thing.

Data breach
A data breach is when secure or private information is intentionally or unintentionally exposed to an environment that is not trusted.

Denial of service attack
A software-based computer network has software running on the computers on the network. Each user typically uses his or her own computer in front of him or her and usually requests services from other computers on the network. A malicious user may decide to flood the server with unnecessary requests. The server has a limited number of requests that it can handle for a duration. In this flooding scheme, legitimate users cannot use the server as often as they need to because the server is busy responding to the criminal’s requests. This overloads the server, temporarily or indefinitely interrupting server services. At the same time, the host (server) slows down for legitimate users, while the criminal performs his evil deeds, which go unnoticed because the legitimate users standing by waiting for service could not have known that the server was being affected. Good users are denied service while the attack continues.

Privilege escalation
Different users of an operating system or program have different privileges. Thus, some users derive more value than others from the system. Exploiting a software bug or configuration oversight to gain greater access to resources or unauthorized information is privilege escalation.

The above classification schemes can be used for computer virus and worm infections.

One or more of the above classification schemes can be used for software attacks that include: intellectual property theft, database corruption, identity theft, sabotage, and extortion. If a person uses one or more schemes to disruptively modify a website so that the site’s customers lose confidence, this is sabotage. Information extortion is the theft of a company’s computer or falsely obtaining sensitive information about the company. A stolen computer may have sensitive information. This can lead to ransomware, where the thief demands payment in exchange for stolen property or information.

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